The Main Features of Pig Farming in Canada

Canada ranks sixth in the world in pig production with a population of about 15 million pigs, the other countries being China(466), EU(153), USA(60), Brazil(32 and Russia(17). Most Canadian pig farms are located in the Prairies that produce grains and grain by-products for feed use. And now Canadian pig farming is marching advance to modernization, scale and intensification development with high production level.

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The main features of pig farming in Canada:

1. Carrying out performance measurement and genetic evaluation:
Since 1937, Canada pig industry has access to a uniform national testing system, the National Record of Performance Swine Testing Program. It provides producers with a basis for accessing their breeding stock using techniques such as ultrasonic recording of fat measurement in live animals. The program is now administrated by the Canadian Centre for Swine Improvement, with member organizations throughout the country.

2. Employing modern pig production technology:
Canada pig farming automation has been improved with the development of modern pig farming technology. Pig feeding, watering, feces cleaning, temp, humidity and pig house ventilating are all computer-controlled; to prevent disease transmission to keep animals’ health, SEW (segregated early weaning) is widely adopted, which is a kind of sow---nursery pig---barren sow three-level breeding pattern, improving the pig production quality, reinforce epidemic prevention and reducing medical treatment cost. Many pig farms have a cooperation, forming a pig production association including producing, processing and marketing, to enhance market competitiveness.

3. Attaching great importance to disease prevention-control and animal products quality-safety:
Canada government has established rigorous pig farming sanitation and quarantine standards to ensure consumers’ food safety, widely adopting PSS(porcine stress syndrome) and PSE(pale soft exudative pork) DNA test for the boar. In Canada, pig farmers must have the breeding license and main disease control measures are:
---Popularizing the artificial insemination around the country;
---Implementing segregated early weaning for piglets;
---Three-level breeding pattern, the sow, piglet and commodity pig are raised in separated pig farms (3 km away from each);
---Regular sampling monitoring by veterinarian.

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4. Putting high value on ecological environment protection:
Canada genetic engineering researchers has developed “enviro-pig” through genetic recombination method, and enviro-pigs have self-sufficient phosphorus they need. This technology lessens phosphorus content in pig feed and 60% phosphorus content in pig waste, so lessens feed cost and protects the environment. There are two main ways for pig waste disposing at present:
---Compost disposing, which is a kind of bio-treatment method. During the procedure of waste fermentation, a large number of microorganisms convert the waste into moist stable products of biotic components conforming to the hygiene standards;
---Sewage recycling, the fecal water is transported into the waste water treatment pond and after the anaerobic and aerobic fermentation, it can be used for crops fertilizer and irrigation, then there will be a positive cycle between pig farming and crop farming.

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Pig Farming in France Has The Top-notch Indoor Facilities

France is currently the largest beneficiary of farming related subsidies from the EU, and is fiercely protective of them. Pig farmers in France are currently being invited to register requests for subsidies for up to 17,000 Euros to convert their pig accommodation from stalls to “loose housing”, as long as they fulfill the requirement of having a minimum 20 sows or 60 pigs, and apply before the 21st November 2012.Farmers and the farming profession are a respected and revered part of French culture, and a high degree of legal and financial protection for farmers is built in by the government. The move is designed to bring French pig farmers in line with new European and national standards.

Pig farming in France has been a hug improved, which after 50 years’ development,from decentralized breeding to scale farming. It has formed a French model of pig production.Today’s pig barns and buildings in France have been shaped by breakthroughs in technical and technological development. And today’s pig farming in France has the top-notch indoor facilities.

• Pig feeder and troughs: materials with increasing resistance to acid corrosion have been chosen to make feeders and troughs, and the feeder and trough can also be equipped with efficient stainless-steel controller system that will radically eliminate feed cost.

• Pig watering and water purification: automatic watering system and water purification system are adopted to ensure zero water waste and high water quality for pig health and ultimately for production performances.

• Pig gestation crates: using a split-level system, the gestation crates help improving the weaned pigs survival rates, and decreasing the piglets death losses caused by crushing.

• Pig farming heating and cooling system: the trend today is that heating is even being incorporated into the grower phase via heat recovery systems, and the sow stalls are increasingly being fitted with either regular or spray cooling systems, which helps a lot in higher pig health standards.

Swine Industry in England

The pig industry is a major sector in UK agriculture. UK pig industry has its origin in 6000 years’ farming. And throughout this long period, the pig has been a important and valuable farming animal that has contributed to consuming product wastes, fertilizing the land and providing sufficient meat source. But UK pig industry sector is different from many other sectors, it is not supported by state or European subsidy. Nowadays, pigs are only kept in a farmed condition in UK, as the practice of traditionally keeping pigs in the back gardens in the countryside has been outlawed.

The undermined UK industry by the cheap pig imports and the markedly risen pig production costs owing to farmers’ complying with the welfare legislation, these tow factors have made an strong impact on a significant contraction of the national pig industry in 2013. And the risen pig production cost was caused by the blighted crop production because of the global droughts which has led to the risen prices of pig feed. And this factor has had an impact on UK pig industry for a long time till the end of July, 2013. So it means the gap between feed and pig production prices is being reduced. And pig industry independent adviser Peter Crichton has urged bankers to look more favorably upon farmers who want to invest in pig farming.

pig farming in England
But he also indicated that UK pig farming had a shortage of pig housing and finisher, though UK pig farming at the moment was a better state of health.

“The problem is that quite a lot of diversification scheme have taken place with business units, barn conversions and so on, and this has reduced finisher space.” He said.

“We have also seen a lack of investment because of the unprofitable years that we have had, really since 1996-1997, so some finishing space is wearing out.”

“We need bankers to take a more enlightened view of contractors as well as independent producer who want to extend by building permanent finishing facilities on their units, which can in some cases be used for other purposes if pig production were to go out of favor.”

Contract breeding and finishing could insulate pig keepers from the very sharp falls that could often occur in pig prices, providing them with a regular income rather than exposing them to “risk and reward”, he explained.

And he said that the pig business collapse was not a symptom of poor trading conditions currently, but the company had been a casualty of a long trading period previously, when feed costs had been unsupported high in relation to pig returns.

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The Pig Industry in The United States

Abundant grain forage and advanced rearing techniques make America the third ranking after China and EU in pig production, the first ranking in export and the fifth ranking in import. Pork is an important component of American agriculture and an important part of the American diet and way of life, which is another reason boosting American swine production.

But in the past, traditionally pig production was kept as a subsidiary to the crop enterprise and used to add value to corn when corn prices are down. Very little effort was spent to improve the genetic base, to optimize productivity, or to cultivate consumer acceptance for pork being a commodity.

As producer began to realize that inputs to pig industry led to considerable returns, it began to grow in importance as a profit acquisition and in the food marketplace. Rapid gains were made in productivity as management inputs were well-adjusted.

For much of the 19th to 20th centuries, pork was preferred meat in the US. Hogs were valued not just for their meat but for the lard, and the lard could be used for cooking, baking and making candles and soap. As Americans became more health conscious, pig production began to focus on the pigs’ ability to efficiently convert feed into protein, which even resulted in a much leaner type of pig being produced.

There has also been a big and important change in how and where pigs are produced over the past 50 years. Low consumer prices, and therefore low producer prices, and smaller pig farms with decreasing profits, have resulted in larger, more efficient swine industry operations; and pig farming has evolved into a highly automated production process with minimum labor cost. Besides, the dramatic shift from small-scale production to vertical-integration factory farms is enhancing the overall level of industry automation. The larger operations with scientific management practices enabled farmers to significantly increase the efficiency of production by using less labor.

Though pork production has evolved over the past 300 years in the US for the economic value of pork to the US and American agriculture, now there still are many respects imposing the restriction on the US pig industry moving on. And issues restricting the development of US swine production: environment concerns, cost competitiveness, changing regulations, access to export markets, animal welfare, health status, food safety, product quality, traceable; high oil and feed prices, internal and external competition also hamper the US pig industry. Unfortunately, even with economic recovery on the horizon, the pig farming industry will continue to decline.

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Pig Farming in Indian

Because of the religious belief, many Indians do not eat pork, but what makes everyone surprised is the live hogs raised in India has a large amount, India has a great potential market for pig industry.

According to a study of Animal Husbandry and Meat Industry in India, pig farming with a profit of 60% topped all other types of subsidiary occupations like dairying 10%, poultry 30% in the past few years.

With the introduction of new techniques for rearing and breeding of pigs and appreciative-encouraging Government Schemes. Farmers and keen people are now attracted to pig farming, because of its low starting cost and decent earning at the same time. Moreover, not only traditional farmers, young-generation farmers from all over the country trying their hands in different areas of animals husbandry and in these areas the most popular one is pig breeding farms.

Rising per capita income, growing urbanization and unfolding globalization are boosting the demand of high value commodities including meat. Due to these changes in recent past years, a rapid shift has taken place in the dietary habits in flavor of non vegetarian diet. As a result, demand for pork has swiftly increased and the India domestic market price for pork has risen form Rs. 30-40 kg to 90-140 per kg over the last 5 years.

With gradual replacement of societal and religious taboos, the pig rearing by using advanced technical management practices is becoming more and more popular across all social strata finding this enterprise with comparatively more earning.

The Indian government has announced a scheme, Pig Development Scheme, which was started in 2010, aiming at encouraging commercial pig farming by farmers or labourers; improving production performance of native breed through cross breeding by using selected pigs of high performing breeds; providing incentives in terms of capital subsidy for ensuring the viability of the pig breeding, rearing and related activities.

But before the Pig Development Scheme, pig rearing has traditionally been in the main occupational axis of the socially backward down-trodden class of Indian population since immemorial time. The average production of pigs in India is less compared with the developed countries. The main reason is the lack of knowledge in respect of pig rearing and breeding, and another reason is due to the image of pigs in Indian society. However, pig farming is no more restricted to lower class people at present for the implement of the Pig Development Scheme, and also most of the higher caste people have seen the economic importance of this animal and have started pig farming in scientific manner.

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